Comprehensive genotyping approach offers cost savings and near immediate reporting
An interdisciplinary research team has developed a fast, cost-effective method to detect the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants. SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19. The team, funded by the National Institutes of Health’s Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx®) Tech program, adopted a customizable genotyping approach to identify known variants and subvariants. The approach can augment current surveillance methods that use comprehensive next-generation sequencing of virus samples, helping focus sequencing efforts on samples representing unknown and emerging variants.
In their study, which published in the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, the research team proposed that genotyping could be effectively used for SARS-CoV-2 variant classification. Genotyping is a relatively low-cost, high-volume laboratory technique used by thousands of clinical laboratories across the country with minimal hardware and software requirements. The technique zeroes in on genetic reference points, or markers, and limits the intense process of sequencing a 30,000 base-pair SARS-CoV-2 genome to a focus set of about 45 or less of the relevant alterations that distinguish the variety of subvariants in circulation at a given time. It is performed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a technique that already makes up a portion of the laboratory testing for COVID-19. The team showed that known variants can be successfully identified in one to two days, for a fraction of the cost of next-generation sequencing.
The research team is part of the RADx Tech program Variant Task Force (VTF). RADx Tech is led by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) at NIH. “The work of the task force offers a method that can be widely adopted and improve data gathering and reporting,” said NIBIB Director Bruce J. Tromberg, Ph.D. “As variants of SARS-CoV-2 continue to emerge, it is critical to know where they are spreading and how rapidly, so countermeasures can be implemented. With this method we can develop new assays and get them into labs about two weeks after identifying a new variant.”
While reported cases of COVID-19 have topped 400 million globally, only a fraction of positive test samples are sequenced—around 5% in the United States. Sequencing a viral genome, while necessary to discern unknown variants that arise, is costly and can take from two to three weeks. Adding to the complexity of sequencing, only about half of the positive samples have sufficiently detectible RNA for quality results and sequencing runs are performed in batches, sometimes delaying timely reporting of results. In summer 2021, when the Alpha variant was in decline and the Delta variant had emerged in the United States, NIH’s RADx Tech program took on the challenge of assessing alternative methods for variant tracking that were faster and more efficient.
In a simulation with sample data from prior to September 2021, the RADx Tech VTF team worked closely with a bioinformatics research platform company, Rosalind, Inc of San Diego, to design a panel of markers both for detection of the virus—or positivity—and variant identification. They assigned three markers for determination of positivity and a combination of 45 others for identification of the then top 10 most prevalent variants according to the World Health Organization (WHO): Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Eta, Iota, Kappa, Lambda, and Mu. The results of genotyping agreed with sequencing in at least 96% of positive-result samples and at least 99% of negative-result samples.
Subsequently, they were able to reduce marker redundancy and condense the number of markers from 48 to 16, with nearly as effective performance for variant identification. With each reduction in markers built into the genotyping panel, the researchers could project a proportionate savings in cost and time. Upon the emergence of Omicron, the team further streamlined the panel to consist of only four markers to cover circulating variants (Delta and Omicron); a positive sample without a variant match could then be proposed for next-generation sequencing.
Next, the team analyzed and monitored thousands of positive samples collected between November 2021 and January 2022, during emergence of the Omicron variant. Their analysis of SARS-CoV-2 positive samples showed that the relative prevalence of the Omicron variant grew from approximately 40% in mid-December 2021 to greater than 90% at the end of the month, while Delta decreased from approximately 60% to less than 10% over the same period. By mid-January 2022, the prevalence of the Omicron variant further increased to greater than 95% and Delta dropped to less than 5%.
“The genotyping platform is commonly available in thousands of clinical and research labs in the country,” said Eric Lai, team leader with the RADx Tech VTF. “Potentially, if this testing approach is further developed and authorized for clinical use, a hospital lab could order the reagent, validate the assays and perform genotyping on a single sample within a couple of hours to learn whether a person has COVID-19 and with which variant they are infected.” He also noted that the faster turnaround, compared to next-generation sequencing, could help inform decisions, such as tailoring monoclonal antibody treatment.
The team contracted with Rosalind to develop a free, public dashboard that displays state-by-state the positivity rate and percentage of each variant in circulation, illustrating how genotyping and sequencing work hand in hand as part of the surveillance framework. This tracking tool—the ROSALIND Tracker for COVID-19—could become increasingly powerful as more public health and private testing labs adopt this genotyping approach and contribute their data to infectious disease authorities. Under contracts with NIH, testing laboratories at Aegis Sciences Corporation, Nashville; Helix, San Diego; and the University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, have adopted the genotyping approach and are contributing data to the ROSALIND Tracker. NIH contracted with Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, to supply instruments, consumables, reagents, software, and single-nucleotide polymorphism marker assays required to run the genotyping assay.
Since the research reported in the paper was performed, the team has further developed the technology to identify subvariants of Omicron based on the recent variant landscape. Within weeks, genotyping panel markers were updated to distinguish between BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5. “That adaptability and how fast we can reposition our markers is very important,” said Lai.
“All the materials that are associated with this genotyping assay are commercially available,” said co-author Emily Kennedy, a RADx Tech program facilitator. “Links to those resources are provided in the paper so that we can share this information as a public health tool.”
The project was supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health (under award numbers 75N92022P00030, 75N92021P00116, U54EB015408, and U54EB027690) as part of the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx®) initiative, launched to speed innovation in the development, commercialization, and implementation of technologies for COVID-19 testing.
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About the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx®) initiative: The RADx initiative was launched on April 29, 2020, to speed innovation in the development, commercialization, and implementation of technologies for COVID-19 testing. The initiative has four programs: RADx Tech, RADx Advanced Technology Platforms, RADx Underserved Populations and RADx Radical. It leverages the existing NIH Point-of-Care Technology Research Network. The RADx initiative partners with federal agencies, including the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Health, Department of Defense, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Learn more about the RADx initiative and its programs: https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/radx
About the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB): NIBIB’s mission is to improve health by leading the development and accelerating the application of biomedical technologies. The Institute is committed to integrating the physical and engineering sciences with the life sciences to advance basic research and medical care. NIBIB supports emerging technology research and development within its internal laboratories and through grants, collaborations, and training. More information is available at the NIBIB website: https://nibib.nih.gov.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit https://www.nih.gov NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health®
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