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Cellular and Supramolecular Structure and Function Publications

Densely Populated Cell and Organelles Segmentation With Multi-Plane Deep Learning Pipeline.
Fulton SJBaenen CMStorrie BYang ZLeapman RDAronova MA
bioRxiv
2024 Nov 21

Deep learning, 3D ultrastructural analysis reveals quantitative differences in platelet and organelle packing in COVID-19/SARSCoV2 patient-derived platelets.
Matharu SSNordmann CSOttman KRAkkem RPalumbo DCruz DRDCampbell KSievert GSturgill JPorterfield JZJoshi SAlfar HRPeng CPokrovskaya IDKamykowski JAWood JPGarvy BAronova MAWhiteheart SWLeapman RDStorrie B
Platelets
2023 Dec

Ferric Chloride-Induced Arterial Thrombosis and Sample Collection for 3D Electron Microscopy Analysis.
Joshi SSmith ANPrakhya KSAlfar HRLykins JZhang MPokrovskaya IAronova MLeapman RDStorrie BWhiteheart SW
J Vis Exp
2023 Mar 17

Tethered platelet capture provides a mechanism for restricting circulating platelet activation to the wound site.
Pokrovskaya IDRhee SWBall KKKamykowski JAZhao OSCruz DRDCohen JAronova MALeapman RDStorrie B
Res Pract Thromb Haemost
2023 Feb

Palmitoylation of A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150 modulates its nanoscale organization, trafficking, and mobility in postsynaptic spines.
Chen XCrosby KCFeng APurkey AMAronova MAWinters CACrocker VTLeapman RDReese TSDell'Acqua ML
Front Synaptic Neurosci
2022

Venous puncture wound hemostasis results in a vaulted thrombus structured by locally nucleated platelet aggregates.
Rhee SWPokrovskaya IDBall KKLing KVedanaparti YCohen JCruz DRDZhao OSAronova MAZhang GKamykowski JALeapman RDStorrie B
Commun Biol
2021 Sep 16

Use of dual-electron probes reveals the role of ferritin as an iron depot in erythropoiesis.
Aronova MANoh SJZhang GByrnes CMeier ERKim YCLeapman RD
iScience
2021 Aug 20

Dense cellular segmentation for EM using 2D-3D neural network ensembles.
Guay MDEmam ZASAnderson ABAronova MAPokrovskaya IDStorrie BLeapman RD
Sci Rep
2021 Jan 28

Structural analysis of resting mouse platelets by 3D-EM reveals an unexpected variation in α-granule shape.
Pokrovskaya ITobin MDesai RAronova MAKamykowski JAZhang GJoshi SWhiteheart SWLeapman RDStorrie B
Platelets
2021 Jul 04

Canalicular system reorganization during mouse platelet activation as revealed by 3D ultrastructural analysis.
Pokrovskaya IDTobin MDesai RJoshi SKamykowski JAZhang GAronova MAWhiteheart SWLeapman RDStorrie B
Platelets
2021 Jan 02

Circadian Modulation of Neurons and Astrocytes Controls Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampal Area CA1.
McCauley JPPetroccione MAD'Brant LYTodd GCAffinnih NWisnoski JJZahid SShree SSousa AADe Guzman RMMigliore RBrazhe ALeapman RDKhmaladze ASemyanov AZuloaga DGMigliore MScimemi A
Cell Rep
2020 Oct 13

Determination of secretory granule maturation times in pancreatic islet β-cells by serial block-face electron microscopy.
Rao AMcBride ELZhang GXu HCai TNotkins ALAronova MALeapman RD
J Struct Biol
2020 Oct 01

Quantitative method for estimating stain density in electron microscopy of conventionally prepared biological specimens.
Fera AHe QZhang GLeapman RD
J Microsc
2020 Feb

3D ultrastructural analysis of α-granule, dense granule, mitochondria, and canalicular system arrangement in resting human platelets.
Pokrovskaya IDYadav SRao AMcBride EKamykowski JAZhang GAronova MALeapman RDStorrie B
Res Pract Thromb Haemost
2020 Jan

Identification of PSD-95 in the Postsynaptic Density Using MiniSOG and EM Tomography.
Chen XWinters CCrocker VLazarou MSousa AALeapman RDReese TS
Front Neuroanat
2018

SNARE-dependent membrane fusion initiates α-granule matrix decondensation in mouse platelets.
Pokrovskaya IDJoshi STobin MDesai RAronova MAKamykowski JAZhang GWhiteheart SWLeapman RDStorrie B
Blood Adv
2018 Nov 13

Biological serial block face scanning electron microscopy at improved z-resolution based on Monte Carlo model.
He QHsueh MZhang GJoy DCLeapman RD
Sci Rep
2018 Aug 28

Dotted Core-Shell Nanoparticles for T -Weighted MRI of Tumors.
Shen ZSong JZhou ZYung BCAronova MALi YDai YFan WLiu YLi ZRuan HLeapman RDLin LNiu GChen XWu A
Adv Mater
2018 Jul 04

Comparison of 3D cellular imaging techniques based on scanned electron probes: Serial block face SEM vs. Axial bright-field STEM tomography.
McBride ELRao AZhang GHoyne JDCalco GNKuo BCHe QPrince AAPokrovskaya IDStorrie BSousa AAAronova MALeapman RD
J Struct Biol
2018 Jun

Cells containing aragonite crystals mediate responses to gravity in Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa), an animal lacking neurons and synapses.
Mayorova TDSmith CLHammar KWinters CAPivovarova NBAronova MALeapman RDReese TS
PLoS One
2018

Application of EELS and EFTEM to the life sciences enabled by the contributions of Ondrej Krivanek.
Leapman RD
Ultramicroscopy
2017 Sep

PAR1 activation induces rapid changes in glutamate uptake and astrocyte morphology.
Sweeney AMFleming KEMcCauley JPRodriguez MFMartin ETSousa AALeapman RDScimemi A
Sci Rep
2017 Mar 03

Tri-stimuli-responsive biodegradable theranostics for mild hyperthermia enhanced chemotherapy.
Lu NHuang PFan WWang ZLiu YWang SZhang GHu JLiu WNiu GLeapman RDLu GChen X
Biomaterials
2017 May

β-arrestin-2 is an essential regulator of pancreatic β-cell function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Zhu LAlmaça JDadi PKHong HSakamoto WRossi MLee RJVierra NCLu HCui YMcMillin SMPerry NAGurevich VVLee AKuo BLeapman RDMatschinsky FMDoliba NMUrs NMCaron MGJacobson DACaicedo AWess J
Nat Commun
2017 Feb 01

Golgi proteins in circulating human platelets are distributed across non-stacked, scattered structures.
Yadav SWilliamson JKAronova MAPrince AAPokrovskaya IDLeapman RDStorrie B
Platelets
2017 Jun

Physicochemical characterization of ferumoxytol, heparin and protamine nanocomplexes for improved magnetic labeling of stem cells.
Bryant LHKim SJHobson MMilo BKovacs ZIJikaria NLewis BKAronova MASousa AAZhang GLeapman RDFrank JA
Nanomedicine
2017 Feb

Compressed Sensing Electron Tomography for Determining Biological Structure.
Guay MDCzaja WAronova MALeapman RD
Sci Rep
2016 Jun 13

DNA-inorganic hybrid nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy.
Zhu GLiu YYang XKim YHZhang HJia RLiao HSJin ALin JAronova MLeapman RNie ZNiu GChen X
Nanoscale
2016 Mar 28

Biointeractions of ultrasmall glutathione-coated gold nanoparticles: effect of small size variations.
Sousa AAHassan SAKnittel LLBalbo AAronova MABrown PHSchuck PLeapman RD
Nanoscale
2016 Mar 28

STEM tomography reveals that the canalicular system and α-granules remain separate compartments during early secretion stages in blood platelets.
Pokrovskaya IDAronova MAKamykowski JAPrince AAHoyne JDCalco GNKuo BCHe QLeapman RDStorrie B
J Thromb Haemost
2016 Mar

PSD-95 family MAGUKs are essential for anchoring AMPA and NMDA receptor complexes at the postsynaptic density.
Chen XLevy JMHou AWinters CAzzam RSousa AALeapman RDNicoll RAReese TS
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2015 Dec 15

Variations in Glycogen Synthesis in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with Altered Pluripotent States.
Chen RJZhang GGarfield SHShi YJChen KGRobey PGLeapman RD
PLoS One
2015

Combining quantitative 2D and 3D image analysis in the serial block face SEM: application to secretory organelles of pancreatic islet cells.
Shomorony APfeifer CRAronova MAZhang GCai TXu HNotkins ALLeapman RD
J Microsc
2015 Aug

Quantitative analysis of mouse pancreatic islet architecture by serial block-face SEM.
Pfeifer CRShomorony AAronova MAZhang GCai TXu HNotkins ALLeapman RD
J Struct Biol
2015 Jan

Self-organized Mn-Block Copolymer Complexes and Their Use for MR Imaging of Biological Processes.
Pothayee NChen DYAronova MAQian CBouraoud NDodd SLeapman RDKoretsky AP
J Mater Chem B
2014

Passive diffusion as a mechanism underlying ribbon synapse vesicle release and resupply.
Graydon CWZhang JOesch NWSousa AALeapman RDDiamond JS
J Neurosci
2014 Jul 02

Targeted therapeutic nanotubes influence the viscoelasticity of cancer cells to overcome drug resistance.
Bhirde AAChikkaveeraiah BVSrivatsan ANiu GJin AJKapoor AWang ZPatel SPatel VGorbach AMLeapman RDGutkind JSHight Walker ARChen X
ACS Nano
2014 May 27

A structural framework for a near-minimal form of life: mass and compositional analysis of the helical mollicute Spiroplasma melliferum BC3.
Trachtenberg SSchuck PPhillips TMAndrews SBLeapman RD
PLoS One
2014

Biodegradable gold nanovesicles with an ultrastrong plasmonic coupling effect for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy.
Huang PLin JLi WRong PWang ZWang SWang XSun XAronova MNiu GLeapman RDNie ZChen X
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl
2013 Dec 23

Cryo-electron tomography of the magnetotactic vibrio Magnetovibrio blakemorei: insights into the biomineralization of prismatic magnetosomes.
Abreu FSousa AAAronova MAKim YCox DLeapman RDAndrade LRKachar BBazylinski DALins U
J Struct Biol
2013 Feb

Elemental mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy in biology.
Aronova MALeapman RD
Methods Mol Biol
2013

Mass mapping of amyloid fibrils in the electron microscope using STEM imaging.
Sousa AALeapman RD
Methods Mol Biol
2013

Development of Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Biological Sciences.
Aronova MALeapman RD
MRS Bull
2012 Jan

Aggregation and fibril morphology of the Arctic mutation of Alzheimer's Aβ peptide by CD, TEM, STEM and in situ AFM.
Norlin NHellberg MFilippov ASousa AAGröbner GLeapman RDAlmqvist NAntzutkin ON
J Struct Biol
2012 Oct

Development and application of STEM for the biological sciences.
Sousa AALeapman RD
Ultramicroscopy
2012 Dec

Direct visualization of CaMKII at postsynaptic densities by electron microscopy tomography.
Fera ADosemeci ASousa AAYang CLeapman RDReese TS
J Comp Neurol
2012 Dec 15

Nuclear mapping of nanodrug delivery systems in dynamic cellular environments.
Bhirde AAKapoor ALiu GIglesias-Bartolome RJin AZhang GXing RLee SLeapman RDGutkind JSChen X
ACS Nano
2012 Jun 26

Synthesis, characterization, and direct intracellular imaging of ultrasmall and uniform glutathione-coated gold nanoparticles.
Sousa AAMorgan JTBrown PHAdams AJayasekara MPZhang GAckerson CJKruhlak MJLeapman RD
Small
2012 Jul 23

Polyaspartic acid coated manganese oxide nanoparticles for efficient liver MRI.
Xing RZhang FXie JAronova MZhang GGuo NHuang XSun XLiu GBryant LHBhirde ALiang AHou YLeapman RDSun SChen X
Nanoscale
2011 Dec

Combining portable Raman probes with nanotubes for theranostic applications.
Bhirde AALiu GJin AIglesias-Bartolome RSousa AALeapman RDGutkind JSLee SChen X
Theranostics
2011

Deletion of Ia-2 and/or Ia-2β in mice decreases insulin secretion by reducing the number of dense core vesicles.
Cai THirai HZhang GZhang MTakahashi NKasai HSatin LSLeapman RDNotkins AL
Diabetologia
2011 Sep

Effect of the charge state (z = -1, 0, +1) on the nuclear magnetic resonance of monodisperse Au25[S(CH2)2Ph]18(z) clusters.
Venzo AAntonello SGascón JAGuryanov ILeapman RDPerera NVSousa AZamuner MZanella AMaran F
Anal Chem
2011 Aug 15

PSD-95 is required to sustain the molecular organization of the postsynaptic density.
Chen XNelson CDLi XWinters CAAzzam RSousa AALeapman RDGainer HSheng MReese TS
J Neurosci
2011 Apr 27

Manipulating the power of an additional phase: a flower-like Au-Fe3O4 optical nanosensor for imaging protease expressions in vivo.
Xie JZhang FAronova MZhu LLin XQuan QLiu GZhang GChoi KYKim KSun XLee SSun SLeapman RChen X
ACS Nano
2011 Apr 26

Chimeric ferritin nanocages for multiple function loading and multimodal imaging.
Lin XXie JNiu GZhang FGao HYang MQuan QAronova MAZhang GLee SLeapman RChen X
Nano Lett
2011 Feb 09

EELS characterization of radiolytic products in frozen samples.
Aronova MASousa AALeapman RD
Micron
2011 Apr

Dual-axis electron tomography of biological specimens: Extending the limits of specimen thickness with bright-field STEM imaging.
Sousa AAAzari AAZhang GLeapman RD
J Struct Biol
2011 Apr

Distribution and clearance of PEG-single-walled carbon nanotube cancer drug delivery vehicles in mice.
Bhirde AAPatel SSousa AAPatel VMolinolo AAJi YLeapman RDGutkind JSRusling JF
Nanomedicine (Lond)
2010 Dec

Limitations of beam damage in electron spectroscopic tomography of embedded cells.
Aronova MASousa AAZhang GLeapman RD
J Microsc
2010 Sep 01

Nanoparticles: Dissected with electrons.
Leapman RD
Nat Nanotechnol
2010 Jul

Layer-specific variation of iron content in cerebral cortex as a source of MRI contrast.
Fukunaga MLi TQvan Gelderen Pde Zwart JAShmueli KYao BLee JMaric DAronova MAZhang GLeapman RDSchenck JFMerkle HDuyn JH
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2010 Feb 23

Imaging the distribution of individual platinum-based anticancer drug molecules attached to single-wall carbon nanotubes.
Bhirde AASousa AAPatel VAzari AAGutkind JSLeapman RDRusling JF
Nanomedicine (Lond)
2009 Oct

Nanoscale 3D cellular imaging by axial scanning transmission electron tomography.
Hohmann-Marriott MFSousa AAAzari AAGlushakova SZhang GZimmerberg JLeapman RD
Nat Methods
2009 Oct

Influence of melanosome dynamics on melanoma drug sensitivity.
Chen KGLeapman RDZhang GLai BValencia JCCardarelli COVieira WDHearing VJGottesman MM
J Natl Cancer Inst
2009 Sep 16

Physiologic upper limit of pore size in the blood-tumor barrier of malignant solid tumors.
Sarin HKanevsky ASWu HSousa AAWilson CMAronova MAGriffiths GLLeapman RDVo HQ
J Transl Med
2009 Jun 23

Determining molecular mass distributions and compositions of functionalized dendrimer nanoparticles.
Sousa AAAronova MAWu HSarin HGriffiths GLeapman RD
Nanomedicine (Lond)
2009 Jun

Seeded growth of beta-amyloid fibrils from Alzheimer's brain-derived fibrils produces a distinct fibril structure.
Paravastu AKQahwash ILeapman RDMeredith SCTycko R
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2009 May 05

Targeted killing of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro with EGF-directed carbon nanotube-based drug delivery.
Bhirde AAPatel VGavard JZhang GSousa AAMasedunskas ALeapman RDWeigert RGutkind JSRusling JF
ACS Nano
2009 Feb 24

Quantitative EFTEM mapping of near physiological calcium concentrations in biological specimens.
Aronova MAKim YCPivovarova NBAndrews SBLeapman RD
Ultramicroscopy
2009 Feb

Monte Carlo electron-trajectory simulations in bright-field and dark-field STEM: implications for tomography of thick biological sections.
Sousa AAHohmann-Marriott MFZhang GLeapman RD
Ultramicroscopy
2009 Feb

Effective transvascular delivery of nanoparticles across the blood-brain tumor barrier into malignant glioma cells.
Sarin HKanevsky ASWu HBrimacombe KRFung SHSousa AAAuh SWilson CMSharma KAronova MALeapman RDGriffiths GLHall MD
J Transl Med
2008 Dec 18

Identifying individual scaffolding molecules in the postsynaptic density.
Chen XWinters CAzzam RCrocker VLi XGalbraith JLeapman RReese Ts
Microsc Microanal
2008 Aug

Molecular structural basis for polymorphism in Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils.
Paravastu AKLeapman RDYau WMTycko R
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2008 Nov 25

Structure of the cytoskeleton of Spiroplasma melliferum BC3 and its interactions with the cell membrane.
Trachtenberg SDorward LMSperansky VVJaffe HAndrews SBLeapman RD
J Mol Biol
2008 May 09

Determination of quantitative distributions of heavy-metal stain in biological specimens by annular dark-field STEM.
Sousa AAHohmann-Marriott MAronova MAZhang GLeapman RD
J Struct Biol
2008 Apr

Reprint of "On the feasibility of visualizing ultrasmall gold labels in biological specimens by STEM tomography" [J. Struct. Biol. 159 (2007) 507-522].
Sousa AAAronova MAKim YCDorward LMZhang GLeapman RD
J Struct Biol
2008 Mar

Reprint of "Three-dimensional elemental mapping of phosphorus by quantitative electron spectroscopic tomography (QuEST)" [J. Struct. Biol. 160 (2007) 35-48].
Aronova MAKim YCHarmon RSousa AAZhang GLeapman RD
J Struct Biol
2008 Mar

Organization of the core structure of the postsynaptic density.
Chen XWinters CAzzam RLi XGalbraith JALeapman RDReese TS
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2008 Mar 18

Peptide conformation and supramolecular organization in amylin fibrils: constraints from solid-state NMR.
Luca SYau WMLeapman RTycko R
Biochemistry
2007 Nov 27

RESP18, a homolog of the luminal domain IA-2, is found in dense core vesicles in pancreatic islet cells and is induced by high glucose.
Zhang GHirai HCai TMiura JYu PHuang HSchiller MRSwaim WDLeapman RDNotkins AL
J Endocrinol
2007 Nov

Quantitative STEM mass measurement of biological macromolecules in a 300 kV TEM.
Sousa AALeapman RD
J Microsc
2007 Oct

Three-dimensional elemental mapping of phosphorus by quantitative electron spectroscopic tomography (QuEST).
Aronova MAKim YCHarmon RSousa AAZhang GLeapman RD
J Struct Biol
2007 Oct

On the feasibility of visualizing ultrasmall gold labels in biological specimens by STEM tomography.
Sousa AAAronova MAKim YCDorward LMZhang GLeapman RD
J Struct Biol
2007 Sep

Protein oxidation implicated as the primary determinant of bacterial radioresistance.
Daly MJGaidamakova EKMatrosova VYVasilenko AZhai MLeapman RDLai BRavel BLi SMKemner KMFredrickson JK
PLoS Biol
2007 Apr

Localizing specific elements bound to macromolecules by EFTEM.
Leapman RDAronova MA
Methods Cell Biol
2007

Evaluation of bioreactor-cultivated bone by magnetic resonance microscopy and FTIR microspectroscopy.
Chesnick IEAvallone FALeapman RDLandis WJEidelman NPotter K
Bone
2007 Apr

Quantification and thickness correction of EFTEM phosphorus maps.
Aronova MAKim YCZhang GLeapman RD
Ultramicroscopy
2007

Melanosomal sequestration of cytotoxic drugs contributes to the intractability of malignant melanomas.
Chen KGValencia JCLai BZhang GPaterson JKRouzaud FBerens WWincovitch SMGarfield SHLeapman RDHearing VJGottesman MM
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2006 Jun 27

Mass of the postsynaptic density and enumeration of three key molecules.
Chen XVinade LLeapman RDPetersen JDNakagawa TPhillips TMSheng MReese TS
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2005 Aug 09

Electron tomography of degenerating neurons in mice with abnormal regulation of iron metabolism.
Zhang PLand WLee SJuliani JLefman JSmith SRGermain DKessel MLeapman RRouault TASubramaniam S
J Struct Biol
2005 May

Self-propagating, molecular-level polymorphism in Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils.
Petkova ATLeapman RDGuo ZYau WMMattson MPTycko R
Science
2005 Jan 14

Supramolecular structural constraints on Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils from electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance.
Antzutkin ONLeapman RDBalbach JJTycko R
Biochemistry
2002 Dec 24

A structural model for Alzheimer's beta -amyloid fibrils based on experimental constraints from solid state NMR.
Petkova ATIshii YBalbach JJAntzutkin ONLeapman RDDelaglio FTycko R
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2002 Dec 24

Oligomeric structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein on the virion surface.
Center RJLeapman RDLebowitz JArthur LOEarl PLMoss B
J Virol
2002 Aug

Cartilage calcification studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy.
Potter KLeapman RDBasser PJLandis WJ
J Bone Miner Res
2002 Apr

Towards single atom analysis of biological structures.
Leapman RDRizzo NW
Ultramicroscopy
1999 Jun

Stimulus-secretion coupling in neurohypophysial nerve endings: a role for intravesicular sodium?
Thirion STroadec JDPivovarova NBPagnotta SAndrews SBLeapman RDNicaise G
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1999 Mar 16

Spatial distributions of sulfur-rich proteins in cornifying epithelia.
Leapman RDJarnik MSteven AC
J Struct Biol
1997 Nov

Activity-dependent calcium sequestration in dendrites of hippocampal neurons in brain slices.
Pozzo-Miller LDPivovarova NBLeapman RDBuchanan RAReese TSAndrews SB
J Neurosci
1997 Nov 15

In situ compositional analysis of acidocalcisomes in Trypanosoma cruzi.
Scott DADocampo RDvorak JAShi SLeapman RD
J Biol Chem
1997 Oct 31

Phosphorylation and subunit organization of axonal neurofilaments determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy.
Leapman RDGallant PEReese TSAndrews SB
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1997 Jul 22

Calcium in secretory vesicles of neurohypophysial nerve endings: quantitative comparison by X-ray microanalysis of cryosectioned and freeze-substituted specimens.
Thirion STroadec JDPagnotta SAndrews SBLeapman RDNicaise G
J Microsc
1997 Apr

Thickness measurement of hydrated and dehydrated cryosections by EELS.
Shi SSun SAndrews SBLeapman RD
Microsc Res Tech
1996 Feb 15

Elemental imaging by EELS and EDXS in the analytical electron microscope : Its relevance to trace element research.
Leapman RDFiori CEGorlen KE
Biol Trace Elem Res
1987 Aug

Further characterisation of the extracellular matrix in the mandibular condyle in neonatal mice.
Silbermann MReddi AHHand ARLeapman RDVon der Mark KFranzen A
J Anat
1987 Apr

Distribution of calcium and potassium in presynaptic nerve terminals from cerebellar cortex.
Andrews SBLeapman RDLandis DMReese TS
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1987 Mar

Age-related changes in the role of matrix vesicles in the mandibular condylar cartilage.
Livne EOliver CLeapman RDRosenberg LCPoole ARSilbermann M
J Anat
1987 Feb

Digital processing of electron energy loss spectra and images.
Leapman RDGorlen KESwyt CR
Scan Electron Microsc
1985